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Finishing Characteristics of Common Cabinet Woods
WOOD JOINER'S HANDBOOK
WOODJOINER'S HANDBOOK
A master woodworker reveals exactly how to make perfect joints; rabbet joints, mortises and tenons, butt joints, dadoes and grooves, even decorative joints, butterflies and dovetails, inlays, plus Chinese and Japanese styles. "A vast number of useful joints for cabinetmaking, furniture making and architectural woodworking."--Woodshop News. "Interesting and helpful...a practical joinery guide."--Workbench. " and excellent choice for novice or intermediate woodworkers"--Fine Woodworking. 288 pages, 459 b/w illus.
Contents
Introduction
PART I JOINERY FUNDAMENTALS
1 The Elements of Joinery2 Basic Joints--Hand Tool Techniques
3 Joint Reinforcement
PART II JOINERY TECHNIQUES
4 Mitre Variations5 Rabbets, Dadoes, and Grooves: Power-Tool Methods and Variations
6 Advanced Mortise and Tenon
7 Dovetails: Variations and Power-Tool Techniques
8 Box Joints and Multiple Splines
9 Lap Joints
PART III JOINERY APPLICATIONS
10 Frame and Panel Joinery11 Cabinetmaking Applications
12 Plywood and Particleboard Joints
13 Specialty Joints
14 Decorative Joints
15 Joints from China and Japan
Metric Equivalency and Conversion Charts
Index
Index
Alignment, splines for, 51
Angle braces, 217
Angled tenons, 98
Angles
blade-tilt, 198, 199
butt-hopper, 198, 200-201
calculations for, 71-72
mitre, 67, 70, 192-193
mitre-gauge, 72, 198, 199
Applied mouldings, 157
Balancing of joints, 13
Band saw
dovetail cutting method, 113, 114
lap joints cutting method, 142
tenon making method, 107
Barefaced tenon, 97
Barefaced tongue-and-groove, 88
Bead, 148
Beaded joint, 206--207
Bevels, 14
Bin-spacing story stick, 112
Biomorphic joints, 233-237
Birdsmouth joints, 220
Biscuit splines, 53-55
Blade-tilt angle, for mitred-hopper joint, 198, 199
Blind dovetail, mitred, 127
Blind dowel joints, 45-47
Blind groove, 50
Blind mortise-and-tenon mitre,61-62
Blind stub tenons, 249
Bold-outline dovetail, 229-231
Box joints (finger joints)
description of, 129-130
for drawer construction, 172
half-blind, 134
locking, 133
making, 207-208
mitred end pins, 134
for splicing, 195-196
on table saw, 131-133
variations in, 133-134
Brace joints, 218
Bracket feet, for leg making, 177
Bridle joints
for leg joints, 176-177
making, 145-146
Brush, for gluing, 11
Build-up joints, 233
Butt-hopper angles, 198, 200-201
Butt joints
counteracting shear stress in, 8
dowel-reinforced, 174-175
hand-tool techniques for, 21-22
for leg making, 174-175
Butterfly joints, 231
Cabinetmaking
carcass joints for, 163-168
drawer joints for, 168-173
leg joints for, 173-177
Carcass pinning, 164-165
Case butt, hand-tool techniques for, 25-26
Case construction, 163-166
Chinese furniture joints, 238-242
Chisel
for dado cutting, 31
for dovetail joint making, 39-41
for mortise-and-tenon making, 32-33
mortising, 101-102
Chopping the mortise, 34, 36
Clamp, tabletop end, 100
Clamping, of panel butt joints, 23-24
Cleavage stress, 10
Cogged dovetail, 223-225
Cogged joints, 144-145
Combined stresses, 10
Compound mitres
face, 63-64
mitre angle chart for, 70
for polygons, 69-71
Compressional stress, 8
Coopered joints, 68-69, 202-205
Coped half-lap, 212, 213
Copedjoints, 154-155.190,191
Coped muntin joint, 212, 213
Coping saw, 42
Corner-post joints, 217
Cove, 148
Curved dovetails, 226-228
Curved joint lines, 235-237
Dado(es)
definition of, 15
for drawer construction, 170
plywood,l80
radial-arm saw method for, 77
self-wedging, 82
stopped,80-81
table saw method for, 76
Dado and groove joints, handtool techniques for, 30-31
Dado blades
for rabbets, 75-76
for tenon making, 106, 107
types of, 16-17
Decorative joints, 222-237
Depth stop, 15
Disc sander, 59
Double-dado joints, for drawer
construction, 171-172
Double-dovetail half-lap, 144, 145
Double-lap blind dovetail,126-127
Double rabbet, 81
Double tenons, 98
Dovetail gauge, 111
Dovetail jigs, 19-20
Dovetail mortise-and-tenon mitre, 62
Dovetail rabbet, 86-87
Dovetail-spline joint, multiple, 136-138
Dovetailed half-lap, 142-143
Dovetailed tenons, 99-100
Dovetails
for carcass corner joints,165-166
Chinese method for, 241-242
correction of defects in,127-128
curved, 226-228
decorative variations, 223-232
double-lap blind, 126-127
for drawer construction, 169
end-to-end, 195, 196
full-blind, 126-127
grooves and, 120-121
half-blind, 122-126, 169
hand-cutting variations, 41-42
hand-tool techniques for, 36-42
impossible, 226
Japanese, 251
layout tools for, 111-112
layout variations, 109-111
machine techniques for,112-120
mechanical locking in, 9
mitred blind, 127
outlined, 228-231
pins and tails, spacing of,109-111
plywood, 181, 182
rabbets and, 120-121
sliding, 82-86
three-way, 231-232
Dowel centers, 47-48
Dowel joints, blind, 45-47
Dowel pegs, for locking box joint, 133
Dowel pins, for joint reinforcement, 44-45
Dowel-reinforced butt joint,174-175
Dowel-reinforced tenon, 155-156
Dowelling jigs, 48-49
Dowels
horizontal boring for, 48
for joint reinforcement, 43--44
pegged joint assembly, 45
for reinforcement, 8-9
as wedges, 99
Draw boring, 93
Drawer bottoms, 173
Drawer-lock joints, for drawer construction, 171-172
Drill press, for mortising,100-102,103-104
Edge butt, hand-tool techniques for,24-25
Edge half-laps, 143-145
Edge mitres
coopered joints, 202-205
hand-tool techniques for,27-28
making, 68-69
splined, 51-52
variations on, 64-65
Edging, plywood, 182-183
End-to-end dovetails, 195, 196
Face-mitre variations
blind mortise-and-tenon mitre,
61-62
compound face mitres, 63-64
dovetail mortise-and-tenon
mitre, 62
feather spline, 59-60
four-way mitre, 62-63
mitred half-lap, 60-61
mitring boards of differing widths, 63
open-mort ise mitre, 61
router-mitred mortise-and-tenon, 62
Face mitres
hand-tool methods for, 26-27
power-tool methods for, 68
Fasteners, for particleboard,187-188
Feather spline
description of, 59-60
multiple joints, 134-136
Fence
auxiliary, 75
for plate-joining machine, 55
router, 77, 105
for table saw, 131
Field, 149
Fillister plane, 15, 36, 158
Finger joints. See Box joints
Flat panels, 158
Four-shouldered tenon, 97
Four-way mitre, 62-63
Foxtail wedges, 92-93
Frame-and-panel joinery. See also
Frame making; Panels
coped joints, 154-155
dimensional changes and, 147-148
dowel-reinforced tenon,155-156
softwood ground for, 160-161
terminology for, 148-150
wall panelling joints, 160-162
Frame butt, hand-tool techniques for, 25
Frame making
applied mouldings for, 157
methods for, 150, 151
spline joints for, 156-157
Full-blind multiple splines, 138
Glazing, 212-214
Glue blocks, 188-189
Glue bullets, 187
Glue-line ageing, 11-12
Gluing technique
basic, 10-12
for mortise-and-tenon joint, 90
for panel butt joints, 23--24
Grain direction, 13
Grooves. See also Dado and groove joints; Tongue-and-groove joints
blind, 50
cutting with table saw, 76
definition of, 15
for splines, 49-50
for stopped joints, 80-81
Guards, 7
Half-blind dovetai s
for drawer construction, 169
hand-cut, 122, 123
router-cut, 122-126
Half-lap tenons, for leg making,175
Half-laps
advantages of, 139, 140
coped,212,213
curved, 235
dovetailed, 142-143
edge,143-145
Japanese, 244
on router, 141, 142
on table saw, 140-141
variations in, 142-143
Half-pins, 36-40
Hammer-head joints, 195,196-197
Hand-tool techniques
for butt joints, 21-22
for case butt, 25-26
for dado and groove joints,30-31
for edge butt, 24-25
for frame butt, 25
for mortise-and-tenon joint,32-36
for panel butt joints, 22-24
for rabbet joints, 28-29
Haunched mortise-and-tenon joint, 89
Haunched tenon, 96-97
History of joinery, 4
Hopperjoints, 197-202
Horizontal boring, 48
Horizontal boring machine, 103
Humidity, joints and, 11-12
Impossible dovetails, 226
Inlaid joints, 232-233
Inserted tails, 232
Interlocking tenons, for leg making, 175-176
Japanese joinery
for furniture, 238-239
for timber framing, 242-251
Jig saw, dovetail cutting
techniques, 113
Jigs
dovetail, 19-20
dowelling, 48-49
Keller, 19, 116-118
Leigh. See Leigh jig
router, 77-78
Joiner, terminology of, 4
Joinery, rules of thumb, 12-13
Joint failures
of mortise-and-tenon joint,89-90
short-grain, 13
Joint reinforcement
blind dowel joints, 45-47
dowel centers, 47-48
with dowel pins, 44-45
dowelling jigs for, 48-49
by dowels, 43-44
horizontal boring for, 48
pegged joints, 45
by reinforcement blocks, 55
splines for, 48-51
Joint surface, for gluing, 11
Jointer
description of, 17-18
for edge mitres, 59
for rabbet cutting, 79-80
for tenon making, 108
Joints, basic, 21. See also specific
basic ioints
Kashigi-Oire joint, 248
Keller dovetail jig, 19, 116-118
Kerf bent corner, 186
Kickback, 75
Knives, 14, 32
Knuckle joints, 208, 209
Kumiko, 244
Lap joints
advantages of, 139
band saw for, 142
half-laps. See Half-laps
for splicing, 194
unsupported, for plywood, 183-184
Layout
for mortise-and-tenon joint, 33-34
technique for, 12-13
Layout tools, 13-14
Leg attachment, Chinese method
for, 240-241
Leg joints, for cabinetlmaking, 173-177
Leigh jig
for cogged dovetail, 223-225
for dovetail cutting, 118-119
features of, 20
for half-blind dovetails, 126
for hopper joint, 201-202
for rabbets and dadoes, 78
for sliding dovetail making, 85
for tenon making, 108
Liquid plastic splines, 187
Lock mitre, 65-67
Loose tenons, 100
Marking gauge, 14, 38, 42
Measurement, reference face for, 12
Mechanical joints, 205-210
Mechigai-koshikake-kama-tsugi, 238
Metal-working milling machine,
for mortising, 103
Metric equivalency chart, 252
Mitre angles, 67, 70, 192-193
Mitre gauge, 58-59
Mitre-gauge angle, 72, 198, 199
Mitre joints
Chinese methods for, 241-242
dovetail mortise-and-tenon, 62
four-way, 62-63
hand-tool techniques for, 26-28
mitring boards of differing widths, 63
outside corner, 190-191
with plywood, 179-180
for regular polygons, 65-67
three-way, 193
variations of
face-mitre variations, 59-64
power-tool methods, 56-59
Mitred blind dovetail, 127
Mitred end pins, 134
Mitred half-lap, 60-61, 212, 213
Mitred half-pin, 120-121
Mitred-hopper-joint angle chart, 197-198
Mitred sticking, 150, 152
Mitred tenons, for leg making, 175
Mitring curved mouldings,191-192
Moisture content of wood, 12
Mori-nomi, 243
Mortise-and-tenon joints. See also Tenon
carcass pinning, 164-165
Chinese method for, 239-242
curved, 237
dimensional change and, 12, 93-94
hand-tool techniques for, 32-36
Japanese, 248
for leg making, 175-176
mechanical locking for. 91-93
power-tool methods, 100-108
proportions for, 32
strength of, 10, 89-91
tabletop end clamp, 100
variations of, 94-96
power-tool methods, 100-108
for sash joints, 210-211
in timber framing, 217-221
Mortise-and-tenon mitre,
dovetail, 62
Mortise gauge, 14
Mortising, a round leg, 176
Mortising chisels
Japanese, 243
mortise making techniques, 32-33,101-102
Mortising gauge, 33-34
Moulding joints, 190-193
Mouldings, applied, 157
Mullion, 149
Multiple-spline joints, 134-138
Muntins, 211
Nickers, 15,30-31
Oblique tenons, 98
Odd-angle mitres, 192-193
Offset tenons, 98
Oire mortise and shoulder joint, 248
Open-mortise mitre, 61
Oriented strand board (OSB), 186
Outside corner mitres, 190-191
Ovolo, 148, 154
Panels
construction of, 166-168
cutting methods, 157-158
definition of, 149
flat, 158
plywood,159-160
raised, 158-159
for wall panelling joints, 161
Particleboard
joint reinforcement for, 187-189
types of, 186
Pegged joints, 45
Pegs, for mortise-and-tenon joints, 93
Pilasters, 162
Pilots, 18
Planes
for raised panel making, 158-159
types of, 15
Plate splines
description of, 53-55
plywood, 181
Plow plane, 15
Plywood
characteristics of, 178-179
dadoes, 180
mitre joints, 179-180
panels of, 159-160
rabbet joints, 180
tusk tenons, 184
Polygons, compound mitres for, 69-71
Polyvinyl acetate glue (PVA), 12, 90
Post-and-panel construction,167-168
Power mitre box, 56-57
Power-tool methods.
See under specific power tool or joint
Protective equipment, 7
Push sticks, 7
Quarter-sawn lumber, 23
Rabbet mitre, 64-65
Rabbet plane. 15, 29, 36
Rabbeting bit, 78-79
Rabbets
dadoes and grooves. power-tool metbods for, 73
double, 81
dovetail, 86-87
for drawer construction, 179
hand-tool techniques for, 28-29
jointer method for, 79-80
plywood, 180
radial-arm saw method for, 76
shaper method for, 80
in shiplap joint, 82
stopped,80-81
table saw method for, 73-76
for wall panelling, 161
Radial-arm saw
dado making method, 77
rabbet making method, 76
for raised panel making, 159
tenon making method, 107
Radius corners, plywood,
185-186
Rafter-peak joints, 220
Rails, 149, 150, 212
Raised panels, 149, 158-159
Reinforcement blocks, 55
Revolving brackets, 208-209
Right-angled spline, 52
Round tenons, 100, 101, 176
Router
for blind spline grooves, 50
for coped joints, 154-155
for curved joint lines, 236-237
description of, 18-20
dovetail cutting on, 116-120
for grooves in dovetail splines, 136-138
for half-laps, 141, 142
for mortising, 105
for rabbet making, 77-78
for raised panel making, 159
for sliding dovetail, 84-85
for tenon making, 108
Router-mitred mortise-and-tenon, 62
Router plane, 15, 31
Router table, 19, 79, 119-120
Rule joints, 205-206
Safety, 6-7. 116, 131
Saga-Kama joint, 250
Sanding,l2-13
Sash joints, 210-214
Scallop-and-pin joints, 173
Scarf joints
Japanese, 247
making of, 193-195
Scribed joints, 152-154
Sculptured joints, 233-235
Secretary fall joints, 207
Self-wedging dado, 82
Shaper
for rabbet making, 80
for raised panel making, 159
for spline groove making, 50
Shaper locked mitre, 65, 67, 179
Shear stress, 8-9
Shiplap joint, 82, 180
Shoji, 242, 243
Shokunin, 242
Shooting board, 22
Short-grain failures, 13
Shrinkage
of mortise-and-tenon joint, 94, 95
scribed joint and, 152-153
Sill joints, 218
Skeleton-frame construction, 166
Sliding dovetails
for drawer construction. 170
for leg making, 177
techniques for, 82-86
variations of. 241-242
Sliding mitre table, 57-58
Sockets, in box joint, 130, 132
Softwood ground, 160-161
Sokozarai-nomi, 243
Solid-corner blocks
particleboard, 189
plywood, 181-182
Splayed shoulders, 98
Splicing joints, 194-197. 219, 242
Spline joints
for frame making, 156-157
plywood, 181
Splines
for alignment, 51
description of, 49-51
for particleboard, 187
plate or biscuit, 53-55
for reinforcement of edge mitres, 51-52
right-angled. 52
Spur, 14
Squares. 14
Stack dado blade, 16
Step mortiser. 100-102
Stick, 148, 149
Sticking
definition of, 148, 210
mitred, 150, 152
Stiles. 149. 150, 212
Stopped joints, 80-81
Stress, types of, 8-10
Stretcher, 9
Stub tenons, 250
Table saw
box joint cutting with, 131-133
dovetail cutting techniques,
half-laps on. 140-141
making stopped joints on. 81
rabbet making, 73-76
for raised panel making, 159
safety tips for, 131
for tenon making, 105-106
for tongue-and-groove joint, 87-88
Tabletop end clamp, 100
Templates, for curved joint lines, 236-237
Tenoning machine, 105
Tenons. See also Mortise-and-tenon joint
angled. 98
barefaced, 97
cutting, 35-36
divided, 93-94
double, 98
dovetailed, 99-100
dowel-reinforced, 155-156
four-shouldered, 97
haunched,96-97
loose, 100
mitred, 175
oblique, 98
offset, 98
round. 100, 101
stub. 249
for timber framing. 221
tusk, 98-99
Tensional stress, 9-10
Three-way dovetail joint, 231-232
Three-way mitre angles, graphic method for determining, 214
Three-way mitres, 193
Timber framing, 4
Japanese techniques for, 244-251
method for, 214-221
terminology for, 216
Tongue-and-dado joints, for
drawer construction, 171
Tongue-and-groove joints
barefaced, 88
making. 87-88
plywood, 180-181
Tongue-and-lap joints, for drawer construction, 171-172
Tools. See specific rools
Tripod-leg joint, 209--210
Tusk tenons. 98-99. 184
Universal plane, 15
Unsupported lap joint, for
plywood, 183-184
Urea formaldehyde glue (UF), 12, 90
Veneer, for correction of dovetail defects, 127-128
Wall panelling joints
assembly of, 161-162
making of, 160-162
Wedges. for mortise-and-tenon
joints, 91-93
Wobbler dado blade, 16-17
Wood
cell structure of, 147-148
grain direction of, 13
moisture content of, 12
Copyright Sam Allen 1998-2013
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